John Lettieri, President and CEO of Economic Innovation Group | Official Website
John Lettieri, President and CEO of Economic Innovation Group | Official Website
Among Arkansas’ counties, Monroe County saw the largest increase in transfer dependency over the past 10 years, surging 8.6% from 35.4% in 2012 to 44% in 2022, and up 28.6% from just 15.4% in 1970. In dollar terms, government transfers per capita in Monroe County jumped from $12,973 in 2012 to $17,641 in 2022, a stark contrast to the $2,111 recorded in 1970.
Jefferson County followed with the second-largest increase in transfer dependency, increasing 8.1% from 29.1% in 2012 to 37.2% in 2022, and an overall increase of 27% from 1970’s 10.2% transfer dependency. This trend is reflected in per capita amounts, with residents of Jefferson County receiving an average of $15,163 in transfer income in 2022, up from $10,980 in 2012 and more than double the $2,111 recorded in 1970.
Additionally, Searcy County had the highest percentage of income derived from government transfers, at 49.1% in 2022, making it the county with the highest overall transfer dependency. Stone County and Monroe County followed closely behind, with transfer dependency rates of 45% and 44% in 2022, respectively.
Compared to 1970, Searcy County increased by 26.9%, while Stone County and Monroe County have increased by 20.2% and 28.6%, respectively, showing sustained reliance on government transfers. Residents in Searcy County received an average of $16,502 in transfers per capita, with Stone County and Monroe County close behind at $16,586 and $17,641, respectively.
For comparison, the statewide average was 23.7% in 2022, showing a higher dependency than the national average of 17.6%. On a per capita level, this translates to $12,493 per resident in 2022, compared to $11,542 nationwide.
Government transfer payments are non-repayable funds provided by federal, state, or local governments to support individuals in need. These payments aim to stabilize economic conditions and provide financial support during hardships. Key programs include Social Security transfers (retirement benefits), Medicare transfers (healthcare for seniors), Medicaid transfers (healthcare for low-income individuals), and income maintenance transfers (financial assistance for basic needs).
In Arkansas, reliance on government transfers was just 11.4% (or $1,950 per capita in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars) in 1970. This has since increased to 23.7% (or $12,493 per capita) in 2022, reflecting a total increase of 12.3% since 1970. This shift is largely influenced by increased healthcare costs, and economic transformations that have reshaped income sources across the U.S.
In 2022, the primary government transfer programs in Arkansas included:
- Social Security: $4,091 (32.7% of total transfers)
- Medicare: $2,935 (23.5% of total transfers)
- Medicaid: $2,932 (23.5% of total transfers)
- Income Maintenance Programs: $1,199 (9.6% of total transfers)
With 17.7% of the population aged 65 and older, Arkansas has a significant demand for programs like Social Security and Medicare. However, counties with higher poverty rates also show elevated Medicaid and income maintenance participation.
Government transfers have long been a modest financial safety net, historically comprising only a small fraction of Americans' income. However, since the 1970s—sometimes dubbed the “Great Transfer-mation”—dependency has surged from 8.2% (or $2,022 per capita in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars) in 1970 to 17.6% (or $11,542 per capita) in 2022 nationwide. In Arkansas, reliance on government transfers has similarly increased from 11.4% (or $1,950 per capita) in 1970 to 23.7% (or $12,493 per capita) in 2022, reflecting broader national trends.
According to the Economic Innovation Group’s analysis, these trends are not merely short-term responses to economic pressures but rather reflect a profound, long-term transformation in how government support is integrated into American life. The study illustrates that structural shifts—from rising healthcare expenses and demographic changes to stagnant wages—have significantly increased dependency on government transfers.
| County | Dependency on Transfers (%) | Change Since 2012 | Change Since 1970 | Per Capita Amount (2022) | Per Capita Change Since 2012 | Per Capita Change Since 1970 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arkansas County | 25.3% | 2.5% | 16.6% | $14,626 | $4,021 | $12,784 |
| Ashley County | 38.2% | 6% | 27.6% | $17,085 | $4,665 | $15,299 |
| Baxter County | 38.6% | 3.1% | 19.9% | $17,155 | $3,140 | $13,931 |
| Benton County | 8.2% | -0.2% | -3.8% | $8,086 | $1,169 | $6,055 |
| Boone County | 31.9% | 2.6% | 18.7% | $13,514 | $2,531 | $11,202 |
| Bradley County | 36.9% | 0.9% | 21.8% | $17,997 | $4,142 | $15,703 |
| Calhoun County | 28.1% | 0.7% | 13% | $13,217 | $3,416 | $11,283 |
| Carroll County | 29.8% | 0.2% | 15.4% | $12,426 | $2,696 | $10,132 |
| Chicot County | 41.7% | 7.9% | 25.1% | $18,913 | $5,289 | $16,620 |
| Clark County | 34.1% | 5.6% | 21.8% | $14,449 | $3,499 | $12,594 |
| Clay County | 36.4% | 3.9% | 21.7% | $15,833 | $3,555 | $13,514 |
| Cleburne County | 32.7% | 3.8% | 12.3% | $15,833 | $4,015 | $13,126 |
| Cleveland County | 29% | 1.1% | 12.3% | $14,855 | $4,374 | $12,619 |
| Columbia County | 31.4% | 4.4% | 18.6% | $14,204 | $3,053 | $12,316 |
| Conway County | 29.5% | 1.2% | 15.3% | $13,997 | $2,386 | $11,806 |
| Craighead County | 24.6% | 1.9% | 15.4% | $11,398 | $2,004 | $9,799 |
| Crawford County | 30.8% | 3.9% | 16.5% | $12,872 | $3,175 | $10,789 |
| Crittenden County | 31.2% | 4.3% | 23% | $13,728 | $3,261 | $12,367 |
| Cross County | 34.4% | 5.7% | 24.8% | $14,129 | $3,073 | $12,566 |
| Dallas County | 41.8% | 2.1% | 25.9% | $19,670 | $5,856 | $17,472 |
| Desha County | 35.7% | 5.4% | 22% | $17,200 | $4,861 | $15,223 |
| Drew County | 31.1% | 2.9% | 17.8% | $14,482 | $3,193 | $12,565 |
| Faulkner County | 22.3% | 2.6% | 11.3% | $10,742 | $2,652 | $8,907 |
| Franklin County | 31.9% | 2.7% | 16.6% | $13,418 | $3,001 | $11,083 |
| Fulton County | 43.9% | 3.9% | 23.7% | $14,931 | $2,640 | $12,418 |
| Garland County | 33.4% | 4.7% | 18.9% | $16,220 | $3,969 | $13,521 |
| Grant County | 26.2% | 3.8% | 14.2% | $11,996 | $2,932 | $9,824 |
| Greene County | 29.8% | 2.7% | 17.8% | $12,394 | $2,157 | $10,497 |
| Hempstead County | 34.5% | 3.3% | 21.2% | $14,794 | $4,148 | $12,880 |
| Hot Spring County | 35.6% | 4.3% | 23.8% | $13,405 | $2,977 | $11,394 |
| Howard County | 30.6% | 1.4% | 17% | $14,478 | $4,075 | $12,396 |
| Independence County | 30% | 0.4% | 15.7% | $13,283 | $2,412 | $11,041 |
| Izard County | 42.5% | 3.6% | 23.3% | $14,726 | $1,906 | $12,037 |
| Jackson County | 31% | 0.5% | 17.7% | $14,248 | $2,667 | $12,132 |
| Jefferson County | 37.2% | 8.1% | 27% | $15,163 | $4,183 | $13,430 |
| Johnson County | 34.1% | 4.4% | 15.1% | $12,101 | $2,744 | $9,478 |
| Lafayette County | 32.1% | 0.7% | 18.3% | $15,957 | $4,216 | $13,766 |
| Lawrence County | 37.9% | 3.3% | 21.8% | $15,999 | $3,817 | $13,575 |
| Lee County | 42.4% | 7.3% | 26.3% | $15,185 | $3,970 | $13,236 |
| Lincoln County | 34.5% | 4.7% | 19.9% | $11,398 | $2,927 | $9,475 |
| Little River County | 35.4% | 5.7% | 24.7% | $14,754 | $3,786 | $12,959 |
| Logan County | 39.3% | 6.2% | 21.9% | $16,030 | $3,929 | $13,564 |
| Lonoke County | 23.8% | 3.7% | 14.9% | $11,517 | $2,932 | $9,832 |
| Madison County | 27.5% | 0.7% | 10.9% | $12,219 | $3,106 | $10,027 |
| Marion County | 41.6% | 2.4% | 20.9% | $15,283 | $3,000 | $12,666 |
| Miller County | 31.1% | 6.5% | 22.2% | $12,416 | $3,178 | $10,784 |
| Mississippi County | 32.7% | 1.3% | 22.7% | $14,221 | $3,494 | $12,545 |
| Monroe County | 44% | 8.6% | 28.6% | $17,641 | $4,668 | $15,530 |
| Montgomery County | 39.4% | 3.7% | 21% | $14,937 | $3,684 | $12,509 |
| Nevada County | 41.3% | 5.6% | 21% | $16,705 | $4,282 | $14,268 |
| Newton County | 41.8% | 5.5% | 19.9% | $15,817 | $4,552 | $13,420 |
| Ouachita County | 33.1% | 2.4% | 18.9% | $15,898 | $3,819 | $13,584 |
| Perry County | 31.5% | 2.7% | 10.1% | $13,939 | $2,856 | $11,526 |
| Phillips County | 43.2% | 6.1% | 26.4% | $19,144 | $6,251 | $16,938 |
| Pike County | 37% | 6.6% | 19.4% | $15,272 | $4,926 | $13,020 |
| Poinsett County | 37.5% | 2.6% | 26.5% | $15,958 | $3,641 | $14,137 |
| Polk County | 36.7% | 0.9% | 18.3% | $14,553 | $3,061 | $11,992 |
| Pope County | 28.4% | 4% | 16.1% | $11,819 | $2,566 | $9,927 |
| Prairie County | 32.7% | 2.9% | 22.7% | $14,235 | $3,025 | $12,506 |
| Pulaski County | 20.3% | 2.9% | 13% | $12,481 | $2,790 | $10,810 |
| Randolph County | 36.6% | -0.8% | 21.6% | $14,994 | $2,237 | $12,836 |
| St. Francis County | 43.2% | 7.7% | 30.2% | $15,410 | $4,838 | $13,460 |
| Saline County | 22.4% | 1.5% | 15.4% | $11,721 | $2,189 | $10,454 |
| Scott County | 33.3% | -1.3% | 16.3% | $13,282 | $2,702 | $11,102 |
| Searcy County | 49.1% | 7.5% | 26.9% | $16,502 | $3,385 | $13,917 |
| Sebastian County | 25.4% | 4.7% | 16.4% | $12,297 | $3,002 | $10,530 |
| Sevier County | 25.4% | -1.7% | 11.4% | $11,372 | $2,555 | $9,283 |
| Sharp County | 42.1% | -2% | 20.5% | $18,393 | $3,224 | $15,195 |
| Stone County | 45% | 4% | 20.2% | $16,586 | $3,386 | $14,075 |
| Union County | 28.4% | 7.5% | 17.2% | $14,558 | $3,138 | $12,343 |
| Van Buren County | 42.4% | 5.4% | 21.2% | $16,315 | $3,734 | $13,725 |
| Washington County | 17% | -0.1% | 7.2% | $8,313 | $1,557 | $6,721 |
| White County | 29.1% | 4.3% | 13.9% | $12,679 | $3,054 | $10,570 |
| Woodruff County | 35.5% | 3.1% | 22.5% | $17,877 | $4,639 | $15,715 |
| Yell County | 31.4% | 0.8% | 16.6% | $13,817 | $3,711 | $11,664 |
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